For air, which is considered a perfect gas, the lower the temperature, the higher the density and the lower the velocity. Indeed, temperature influences the density of the air, which in turn influences the speed of sound. Temperature gradients also influence the propagation of sound waves over long distances. Effect of temperature gradients on sound waves However, when the wind is blowing in the opposite direction to the sound, the sound wave is refracted upwards and losses of 20 dB or more can be observed depending on the conditions. When the wind is blowing in the same direction as the sound, the sound is refracted towards the ground: the conditions are, therefore, favourable for sound propagation. However, for long distances, the wind can cause the sound signal to bend: the sound is refracted. For short distances, the wind has no other significant effects on the level of its receipt. The wind can slow down or accelerate the speed of sound, depending on whether it is blowing in the same direction or in the opposite direction to the sound signal. The wind is the movement of air caused by the difference in atmospheric pressure between two zones. Several factors influence sound propagation, including wind and temperature gradients. It also means that sound is subject to changes in air condition. Sound is a mechanical wave, which means that it needs support to propagate (air), unlike electromagnetic waves that can propagate in a vacuum.
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